Personality and the good : psychological and ethical perspectives
(Book)

1. The human predicament : The struggle against chaos ; What it means to fight chaos in the biological realm ; A semantic caution on biological cooperation and survival ; Mutualism and survival ; How shall we conceive of human needs? ; Are the conditions of physical health and the conditions of moral health the same? ; The psychological struggle against chaos ; The moral struggle against chaos.

2. The human situation as Freud sees it : The conscious and the unconscious ; The problem faced by the id ; How the libido fights for happiness ; The function of the superego ; The conditions of mental health in Freudian terms ; Freudian theory versus the Greek and Judeo-Christian views of salvation ; A basic problem confronting psychotherapy and ethics.

3. The human situation according to Jung, Adler, and Horney : Carl Jung : The human heritage ; The nature of human conflict ; The crucial faith in development of integration. Alfred Adler : Conflict and compensation ; The problem of growth ; The healthy style of life ; On what is concern for other persons based?. Karen Horney : Basic anxiety ; The neurotic symptom ; Defenses acceptable in our culture ; Health as unity of self ; What motivates altruism?.

4. Erich Fromm: man's search for freedom : Man, the ethical ideal, and religion ; Man, the moral ideal, and scientific method ; Man's problem as Fromm sees it ; Escapes from freedom ; The authoritarian versus the humanistic conscience ; The productive personality ; Productive love ; To become human, love! ; Does Fromm take freedom seriously?.

5. A.H. Maslow: Human nature and the self-actualizing person : The psychological reasoning against "reductionism" ; Maslow's plea for "the whole man" ; The hierarchy of human needs ; Deficiency motivation versus growth motivation ; Peak experiences and self-actualizers ; The persistent question: from what in man does the standard of goodness come? : The search for universal needs and the theory of natural law ; The biomorphic model of the good life.

6. Gordon W. Allport: the maturing of personality : Personality as unique : Shall we study man or men? ; Why emphasize man's uniqueness?. Growth in personality : The structure of the individual ; Growth in individual motivation ; What gives unity to the unique individual? ; Conscience and the personality. Pattern in personality : Habits, attitudes, traits, and personality ; The pattern of mature personality ; The mature religious sentiment ; Critical observations.

7. The psychological framework for ethical reflection : The person as a unified, self-conscious knower : A human being is capable of self-consciousness ; Man in thinking is guided by logical norms ; Man is a complex, self-identifying, continuant agent or personal self ; Man is a psychophysiological being. The person and his universal needs : The ethical importance of universal needs : A tentative analysis of universal needs : General comments on this theory of motivation.

8. The nature of human freedom : Freedom as fulfillment of potentiality ; Freedom as agency in choice situations ; Will-agency, will-power, and the development of personality ; Does unconscious causation justify psychological determinism? ; Does determinism undermine the search for truth? ; Free will, praise, admiration, and obligation.

9. The human experience of obligation : Ought as the imperative to altruism ; Obligation as an authoritative guide to the universal good ; Ought as the internalized monitor of societal norms ; Ought as authoritative imperative to an unspecified best : Obligation experienced in reflective choice situations ; Experience of ought as imperative, not impulsive or compulsive ; Ought experienced as imperative to the conceived best, but not itself a cognitive experience ; Ought supported by the fact of rationalization ; Ought as irreducible to introjected social approval ; Moral guilt as irreducible to fear-anxiety ; Moral approval as unique and irreducible ; The moral structure of the person: perspective.

10. Man's relation to the ideal: classical realistic perspectives : The inner core of "conscience" ; The Platonic view of man's awareness of the ideal ; Bishop Butler: reflective conscience and the ideal of altruism ; Immanuel Kant: obligation to duty for the sake of duty.

11. Man's relation to the ideal: recent realistic perspectives : Sir W.D. Ross: the right and the good ; Special obligations ; When obligations conflict, how do we choose? ; Good character as right and highest good ; The good in contrast to the right ; Summary: the person, the right, and the good. The good and the person in the ethical realism of Vivas : Right as meaningless apart from good ; The foundation of radical altruism ; The dignity of man. The underlying challenge of ethical realism.

12. The denial of ethical realism: emotivism and privatistic relativism : Objectivism and its discontents ; Emotivism and its cautions : Emotions and attitudes describe only our responses to action ; The emotivist substitute for obligation. Critique of emotivist's view of obligation ; Relativism and its denials : What privatistic relativism means ; Difficulties the privatistic relativist must face.

13. The denial of ethical realism: social relativism and naturalism : Social relativism ; What social relativism means ; The practical case against social relativism ; The theoretical case against social relativism. Naturalism in theory of value : The convergence of naturalism and psychology ; Perry's general theory of value ; Perry's theory of ethical value ; The moral life and the happy life: the "right" and "the good" ; Rights and nature of obligation ; Comment on the relation of obligation and value.

14. Normative universalism as a theory of values : Values and disvalues as kinds of experiencing ; The movement from the preanalytic to the reflective stage of value experience ; The transition from "the desired" to "the desirable" ; The criterion of value ; Values and their relation to value potentialities.

15. The life good to live: a symphony of values : Problems in defining the norm : How shall we conceive the norm? ; How do we know which values are most important?. The pattern of value experiences : Existence as a value to be respected ; Health values ; Character values ; Economic values ; Recreational values ; Affiliative values ; Sexual values ; Cognitive or truth values ; Aesthetic values ; Religious values. The symphony of values and their orchestration : Uniqueness of each value experience ; Interrelatedness of value experience ; Values as joint products of man and the total environment ; The organization of value as symphonic.

16. Traits, virtues, and personality : Traits and virtues ; Brief historical orientation : Plato ; Aristotle. The relation of virtues to the symphony of values : The virtues as intrinsic moral values ; The dynamics of character in the development of ethical personality. Difficulties involved in developing a scheme of virtues.

17. A scheme of virtues : Personal virtues : Honesty ; Courage ; Gratitude ; Temperance ; Humility ; Meekness. The social virtues : Justice ; Repentance ; Kindness ; Forgiveness. Situational and political virtues ; Why is love not a virtue? ; The moral struggle and religion.

18. Are there principles for guiding moral choice? : The moral situation ; Evaluation and moral situations: principles or laws ; Possible meanings of "law" or "principle" : Customs ; Legal enactments ; Scientific law ; Principles of scientific investigation ; Principles of rational action. The meaning of "moral laws or principles" : Justification of the search for moral principles ; Reasonableness and coherent action ; "Self-imposed" character of moral principles ; "Universal" character of moral principles ; "Formal" character of moral principles.

19. Consistency: a first condition of ethical choice : Practical inconsistency ; Action nonsense ; Principle of consistency : Consistency and psychological health ; Rationalization ; The Stoics and Kant. Objection to consistency : Rigid consistency and Emerson ; Life is deeper than logic ; Consistency not enough ; Consistency, a minimum principle.

20. What makes ideals binding? : Basis of moral responsibilities : Responsibility and choice ; Responsibility and ideals ; Conflict and ideals. The principle of autonomy : Duty and desire ; The problem of conscience ; Democratic process and the principle of autonomy.

21. Beyond consistency and sincerity : Consistency and sincerity as basic ; Immanuel Kant and the good will : The categorical imperative ; Second form of the categorical imperative. Limitations of ethical formalism ; Formalism versus crucial rightness ; Axiological considerations.

22. How important are consequences? : Inevitability of consequences ; Teleological ethics : Ends-means relations ; Jeremy Bentham and the hedonistic calculus ; Actual versus probable consequences ; Total versus foreseeable consequences ; Choice among available alternatives. The principle of consequences : "Foreseeable" ; Ethical importance of education ; "On the whole approve" ; Inaction and consequences ; Consequences and expediency.

23. Are there limits to duty? : Duty and ability ; Principle of the best possible : Failure of the less than best possible ; Individual differences and the best possible ; Stereotyping and prejudice ; Substitute and artificial standards for achievement ; Determining the best possible. Is morality common sense become self-critical?.

24. Our obligations to the present : The changing present : The unrecoverable past ; The "not yet" future ; The crucible of value, the present. The principle of specification : Relevance of "right" to specific conditions ; Empirical relevance of moral judgments ; Civil law and the principle of specification.

25. The most inclusive end and self-realization : Toward a tighter unity ; The principle of the most inclusive end : The far view ; Self-realization ; The need for a flexible life plan. A new tension.

26. Duties to one's self: individuality : The moral unit ; The principle of individuality ; Individuals and society ; Self-acts and selfish acts ; Individuality and suicide ; Individuality and self-sacrifice ; Individuality and self-respect

27. Duties to others: altruism : Community and individuality ; The principle of altruism ; Pervasiveness of the principle of altruism ; Altruism and individuality ; Altruism and its counterfeits ; Altruism and justice ; Ideal of personality.

28. The responsible society in ethical perspective : Ethics and social philosophy ; Social issues and moral principles : Moral principles and civil law ; Autonomy and social responsibility ; Action in context ; Education ; Societal uniqueness ; Planning ; Individuals in community ; Groups in communities. The responsible society ; Evolution of alternate conceptions of society : Social organicisms ; Social atomism ; Organic pluralism. Democracy ; The aristocratic ideal ; The communist challenge ; Coalescence of social ideals.

29. Sex, love, and marriage in psychological and ethical perspective : Sex in psychological perspective ; Sex and love : Factors causing diminishing satisfaction ; Factors causing increasing satisfaction ; Sex, sentimental love, and ethical love ; Is premarital intercourse ethical? ; Sex, love, and monogamy : The progression of love ; Monogamy, the matrix of growth in personality ; Unfinished questions.

30. Religious experience and the life good to live : Peak moments of religious experience ; Values of religious experience ; Are values a clue to the structure of things? ; Religion as creative fellowship.